#11presentation

Nothing But Bones Brief introduction This essay is talking about eating disorders. Eating disorder patients have the symptoms such as excessive eating, or refuse to eat. The main reason causing eating disorders is that girls today are too enthusiastic in their appearance and eager to look thin and skeletal. Moreover, people have little confidence may also lead to the disorders. Even excessive exercising would cause the disease, too. Others factors such as media which put too much emphasis on body appearance, emotional, physical or sexual abuse, and bad relationship with relatives or close friends. In the conclusion, the author told us the main idea of his essays inner mind is more valuable than appearance. Essay It seems like every little girl dreams of becoming a model. They want to be thin and pretty like the models they see on television and in magazines. Often the desire becomes an obsession and young girls see “thinness” as being a needed characteristic. For most girls, the teenage years are spent trying to acquire this look. Females are trying diets and are exercising like it is a competition to see who can lose the most weight the quickest. The obsession of many young girls over their appearance or weight has led to a growing number of people who have developed an eating disorder to try to deal with their lack of self-esteem or other related problems. Eating disorders are a serious health problem. Personal Counseling & Resources says that eating disorders “are characterized by a focus on body shape, weight, fat, food, and perfectionism and by feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem.” Three of the most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating or compulsive eating disorder. According to Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, a person with anorexia “refuses to maintain normal body weight for age and height” and “weighs 85 percent or less than what is expected for age and height.” A person diagnosed with bulimia has several ways of getting rid of the calories such as binge eating, vomiting, laxative misuse, exercising, or fasting. The person might have a normal weight for their age and height unless anorexia is present. The signs of a compulsive eater include eating meals frequently, rapidly, and secretly. This person might also snack and nibble all day long. The compulsive eater tends to have a history of diet failures and may be depressed or obese (Anred.com). There are many reasons that can contribute to the cause of eating disorders. One of the main reasons seems to be the obsession over every little pound a person is wearing. Sometimes low self-esteem or depression from any number of causes can usher in the eating disorder. Other times compulsive exercising can help shed the pounds but leave the enthused unhealthy looking. There are other possible causes to this widely known health problem. The media bestows a great deal of beauty and thinness on television and magazines that are viewed by many people daily. Everyone has the desire to look like the actors and actresses do but, in reality, it just will not happen for most of us. Abuse, whether it may be physical, emotional, or sexual, can also contribute to the development of an eating disorder (Something-Fishy.com). Such abuse to victims can leave them with a lack of trust and low self-esteem. An unfavorable relationship a person has with others is also a contributing factor to disordered eating habits. The world is so competitive that any mention from parents, siblings, peers, significant others, or co-workers about a person’s weight or appearance can lead to the onset of an eating disorder. There really is no single reason that a person acquires an eating disorder. Many factors are considered when making a diagnosis for a person with this problem. Causes like the ones mentioned above play such an important role in eating disorders. Is it really so important that in order to look like the super models people are willing to give up food and starve themselves to death for a little satisfaction on the outside? The look of a person on the inside is what really matters http://www.rscc.cc.tn.us/owl&writingcenter/OWL/NothingButBones.html anorexia nervosa: mental illness that causes abnormal fear of eating and thus leads to dangerous loss of weight. bulimia nervosa: emotional disorder characterized by compulsive eating followed by deliberate vomiting. binge: time of wild or excessive eating and drinking. or compulsive eating disorders laxative: (medicine, food or drink) causing or helping the bowels to empty. 瀉藥 fast: v. go without food, especially for religious reasons. 禁食 outline: 1st: describe an event: every little girl wants to look like a model. such obsession has some effects and causes on people today 2nd: effect: eating disorders what cause eating disorders 1. focus on body shape, weight, fat perfectionism 2. feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem there are three kinds of eating disorders 1. anorexia: refuse to maintain weight and weight less than expected 2. bulimia: has several ways of getting rid of the calories 3. binge or compulsive eating: eat meals frequently, rapidly, and secretly 3rd: cause of eating disorders: 1. main: obsession over every little pound a person is wearing 2. low self-esteem or depression 3. compulsive exercising 4th: other possible cause: 1. media 2. abuse 3. unfavorable relationship with others 5th: conclude: aforementioned causes play an important role in eating disorders although there is no single reason causing eating disorders. authors altitude: Appearance is only skin deep, and insight is more important.

Neal's Presentation

Nation Central University
邱珦益 Neal #13
TIME: Wed 9:00~12:00
Presentation: 11/3/2004


【The motive】
To obtain much understanding of the essay organization “Comparison and Contrast,” I skim over several books about writing instead of choosing a specialized theme first. Therefore, the material I choose is a standard academic writing example.


【Source of material】
Writing academic English : a writing and sentence structure handbook / page 114 / Alice Oshima, Ann Hogue.


【Outline】

Ⅰ Introduction
Japan and the United States are two highly industrialized nations in the world. Although their cultures have a few similarities, there are greater differences between these nations of the East and West.

Ⅱ Body
A. Japan and the United States have several similarities.
a. democracy
b. a mutually enriching exchange of cuisine
c. the popularity of Western sport of baseball

B. Despite these similarities, the United States and Japan have some very significant cultural differences.
a. people compositing the country
b. the two countries' use of transportation
c. highing observing traditional customs observe or not

Ⅲ Conclusion
It is clear that although there are some important similarities between Japan and the United States, there are significant differences as well.


【Essay】

Japan and the United States

The culture of a country is an integral part of its society whether it is a remote Indian village in Brazil in a highly industrialized city in Western Europe. Basically, culture is reflected in a country's language, literature, art, music, and dance. However, culture also includes the patterned ways in which people conduct themselves in their relationships with others. Japan and the United States are two highly industrialized nations in the world. Although their cultures have a few similarities, there are greater differences between these nations of the East and West.
First of all, Japan and the United States have several similarities. The United States is a democracy and Japan is, too. The United States' Constitution is the supreme law of the land, just as the Japanese Constitution is in Japan. Also, Japan's Diet is similar to the U.S. Congress. In addition, both Japan and the United States have made a mutually enriching exchange of cuisine. There are Japanese restaurants in America, where diners can enjoy foods like sashimi (raw fish), tempura (fried vegetables and prawns), and noodles. Similarly, Japanese enjoy American fast foods like McDonald's hamburgers and French fries, Kentucky fried chicken, and Mrs. Fields' cookies. Finally, the Western sport of baseball is popular not only in the United States but also in Japan, The Japanese have their major leagues as the Americans do, and they have their version of the World Series games. Baseball heroes are important to Japanese spectators, just as they are to American fans.
Despite these similarities, the United States and Japan have some very significant cultural differences.
One important difference is the people. Japan is a homogeneous society of one nationality and a few underrepresented minority groups like Chinese and Koreans. As a result, all areas of movement and society are controlled by the Japanese majority. In contrast, although the United Stats is a country with European roots originally, its liberal immigration policy has resulted in its becoming a heterogeneous society of many nationalities-Europeans, Africans, Asians, and Hispanics. They are represented in all facets of American society, including business, education, and politics.
Another difference is in the two countries' use of transportation. Japan and the United States have modern transportation systems which use the latest technology. However, the means of transportation used by the masses in Japan is different from that used by the masses in the United States. The majority of Japanese use an efficient network of public transportation for pleasure and for commuting from the outlying areas to the cities or from city to city. Thus, the train and subway systems are extremely overcrowded during peak hours. By comparison, American rely less on public transportation and prefer instead to drive their own cars or to ride in carpools. Although the average Japanese family owns one car, the typical American family owns at least two cars or more, depending on the number of children of legal driving age. Finally, a common sight in Japanese cities is neatly dressed women on motorized scooters riding on busy streets to do their shopping. Bicycles are also a very popular form of daily bikes mostly for exercise or pleasure.
The final and most important difference is that in modern Japan, traditional customs are still largely observed. In fact, surprisingly, many young people still prefer an arranged marriage, in which a couple meets through the combined efforts of parents and friends of relatives. By comparison, young American people seek their own marriage partners. In addition, married Japanese couples have greater control over the household and family decisions than an American wife. For example, a Japanese wife decides on the family's residence, major expenditures, and the children's schools. The strong role of a Japanese wife is understandable since the husband, as primary breadwinner, is a very busy man. His loyalty is first to his workplace, and he must expend all of his energy and waking time to his career or job. Thus, he may not arrive home until late at night, so his wife must discipline the children and make important decisions to keep the household running smoothly. On the other hand, American couples, who more or less maintain a 50/50 relationship, generally have a more democratic approach and make decisions together.
It is clear that although there are some important similarities between Japan and the United States, there are significant differences as well. The extent to which Japan has accepted some aspects of Western culture reveals the country's desire to absorb new customs. Indeed, the cultural exchanges of Japan and the United States have benefited both nations dramatically and will continue to do so in the future.


【Reference】

Ⅰ Grant and Lee : A Study in Contrasts / Strategies for successful writing: a rhetoric, research guide, and reader / James A. Reinking, Andrew W. Hart, Robert von der Osten.

Ⅱ Digital vs. Analog- Which Is Better? / http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/10/8/134958/152

Ⅲ A Comparison between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy / http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/goldsmth/theatre/

Ⅳ Privacy vs. Safety / http://news.com.com/Privacy+vs.+safety/2009-1023_3-272972.html

Migo's presentation

Migo #16

Wed. 9:00-12:00

Contrast Essay-11/03/2004


OUTLINE

Title: Jazz vs. Classical Music

Two items to be contrasted: 1.Jazz Music 2.Classical Music

Relationship the items share: complex art music

Controlling idea: four main differences


Introduction-paragraph 1
Thesis statement: A comparison of classical and Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform or compose these kinds of music.

Body-paragraph 2,3
Topic sentence: Let's begin with a look at the histories of the two.


Body-paragraph 4,5
Topic sentence: Let's focus on the instrumentation of the two kinds of music.


Body-paragraph 6
Topic sentence: How has each of these kinds of music been transmitted to later generations of musicians?


Body-paragraph 7
Topic sentence:The cohesive element that keeps a musical group together is also an interesting contrast.

Conclusion-paragraph 8
In summation, we can say that Jazz and Classical music represent two approaches to Art Music.
Both of these kinds of music provide rich expression and detail to the serious listener. They take different paths to reach their final form but give person equal opportunities to appreciate the creative output of each.


Full text

Jazz vs. Classical Music

Upon entering a modern record store, one is confronted with a wide variety of choices in recorded music. These choices not only include a multitude of artists, but also a wide diversity of music categories. These categories run the gamut from easy listening dance music to more complex art music. On the complex side of the scale are the categories known as Jazz and Classical music. Some of the most accomplished musicians of our time have devoted themselves to a lifelong study of Jazz or Classical music, and a few exceptional musicians have actually mastered both. A comparison of classical and Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform or compose these kinds of music.


Let's begin with a look at the histories of the two. The music called classical, found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the world, spans a length of time from 1600 up to the present. This time frame includes the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Contemporary periods. The classical period of music actually spans a time from of 1750 to 1800; thus, the term Classical is a misnomer and could more correctly be changed to Western Art Music or European Art Music. European because most of the major composers up till the 20th century was European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they are some of the more prominent composers. Not until the twentieth century with Gershwin and a few others do we find American composers writing this kind of art music. For the sake of convention, we can refer to Western Art Music as Classical music.

Jazz is a distinctively American form of music, and its history occupies a much smaller span of time. Its origins are found in the early 1900s as some dance band leaders in the southern U.S. began playing music that combined ragtime and blues. Early exponents of this dance music were Jelly Roll Martin (a blues player) and Scott Joplin (ragtime). The terms "Jazz" and "Jazz Band" first surfaced in the year 1900. Some say this occurred in New Orleans, although similar music was played at the same time in other places. The most prominent exponents of this early music, called Dixieland Jazz, included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. After World War I, Jazz music had evolved and was aided by the development of the recording industry. The small dance band ensemble grew into the larger orchestra known as the "Big Band". The music of the Big Bands became known as "Swing." Two of the more famous Swing band leaders were Tommy Dorsey and Harry James. In the late 40s and through the 50s, a different kind of Jazz became popular. This music, played by a very small ensemble, was much more sophisticated and complex. Its rich harmonic changes and melodic counterpoint were not conducive to dance. It became known as "Bop," with Charlie Parker and Dizzie Gillespie being the early proponents. In the last twenty years there has been a combination of Jazz with popular music of the US and Latin America. This modern Jazz music has been called "Fusion." Present day exponents include Pat Metheny and Chic Corea. There has also been a return to the sound of Bop in the last ten years by such musicians as trumpeter Winton Marsalis and his brother Branford, a saxophonist.

Let's focus on the instrumentation of the two kinds of music. In Classical music, both large orchestras and small ensembles are used. But generally, the greatest and most prominent compositions are for the larger symphony orchestra. The largest part of the orchestra is the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos and string basses. These instruments were invented very early in medieval times but really matured into their present form during the late 18th century. The wind instruments, comprised of brass and woodwinds, took longer to mature. The brass section in particular did not posses the ability to play chromatically (in all keys) until the advent of valves which allowed the length of the instrument to be changed while playing. This occurred around the middle to late 19th century. Consequently, the brass instruments are less prominent in the music of Bach, Mozart and Beethoven along with their contemporaries. Late 19th and early 20th century composers make use of a very large orchestra with all the fully developed wind instruments. Some of the master orchestrator/composers of this time were: Wagner, Rimskey-Korsakov, Ravel and Stravinsky. Currently, composers also make use of the full orchestra but with the addition of increasingly larger percussion sections which add many unique and unheard of sounds than in earlier music.

Early Jazz music was played in small ensembles making use of clarinet, tuba, cornet, baritone, drums, and piano. Dixieland groups of New Orleans had similar instrumentation. During the Swing era, larger groups were employed to achieve more of an orchestral sound. The Big Bands of the era were predominantly wind orchestras containing alto and tenor sax sections, trumpet and trombone sections, along with piano and drums. When Bop music arrived, the alto saxophone and trumpet were the preferred instruments of the major soloists who were backed up by piano, string bass and drums. With the advent of Fusion, electric instruments such as the electric guitar and keyboard synthesizer became prominent.

How has each of these kinds of music been transmitted to later generations of musicians? Early in the evolution of classical music, a system of notation was gradually developed which for the most part remained stable from the Renaissance on. This gave the composer control over how his compositions were to be played. Throughout the history of Jazz, however, notation was more like a rough sketch. This was because the syncopated rhythms of ragtime and the melodic riffs of the blues were not easily notated. Also, early Jazz musicians were not formally trained; they usually learned by ear. Some songs were transcribed and written down, but not in precise ways. Jazz music became more of a passed on tradition that a musician learned through interaction with other players. In a similar way, the modern Jazz musician must rely on previous recordings to get a feel for the style and technique which he desires to learn from. But in classical music, one composer can learn from an older composer by looking at and analyzing the music that the previous composer wrote down. Likewise, classical musicians can master the parts they must play by practicing the music that has been written or published beforehand. These two approaches to passing on tradition are both valid. However, without the recording medium Jazz music might have developed much differently than it has.

The cohesive element that keeps a musical group together is also an interesting contrast. In Classical music, the conductor uses a baton and plays the orchestra as if it were his instrument; he looks at a complete score of all the events happening in the composition and interprets these events based on his knowledge and intuition of what the composer intended. Jazz groups rarely utilize conductors. The swing era employed them for the sake of keeping the larger sized group together but other jazz styles did not and do not to this day. The drummer of the Jazz ensemble provides the beat that keeps the group together but even he is interacting with the other soloists as the song is performed.

In summation, we can say that Jazz and Classical music represent two approaches to Art Music. The Classical composer or performer has a long and rich body of music in written form that he uses to learn from while the Jazz musician uses a body of recorded music to learn. Because of its small size, the modern Jazz ensemble allows loose interaction while the symphony orchestra's large size and diversity of instruments provides many different sounds and wide dynamic range. In classical music the composer strives for control; he uses printed music to guide and direct the musicians through the conductor. In Jazz music, the songs are loosely composed, thus forming a basis for individual expression within an ensemble. When you go to hear a symphony, you hear an orchestra conducted by the conductor playing a composition. When you go to a Jazz club you hear a small jazz ensemble interacting and improvising a song. Both of these kinds of music provide rich expression and detail to the serious listener. They take different paths to reach their final form but give person equal opportunities to appreciate the creative output of each.


Reference

http://www.cyberessays.com/Arts/39.htm

http://www.efl.arts.gla.ac.uk/CampusOnly/essays/15web.htm

http://comemusic.com/book.instrument.php?select=book_instrument_main

Tze Chuang's presentation

Tze Chuang's presentation
NCU
黃資娟 Tze-chuang Huang #15
Time: Am9:00~11:30
Presentation: Wed, 3rd Nov 2004/10/31

The reason
The presentation's topic is to compare two creations. For the reason, I think art is the best material to get start with, therefore, I choose this topic.

Source of material
A Short Guide to Writing about Art,4nd edition: Writing a Comparison
1.Outline 1.Introduction
(Thesis statement) Agostno’s relief is also gentle and delicate but it is in every respect more self-consciously "designed," more contrived, than Desiderio's. Both Madonnas are human rather than divine but Desiderio's is a natural, homely humanity while Agostino's is elegantly aristocratic and artificial.
2.Body
(Topic sentence) A.B.C. A.The differences between the two works may be brought out more clearly if we compare a few details. Consider the treatment of the hair.
(supporting ideas)a.b.
a. irregular lines and regular lines(not clean lines and clean lines)
b. the lines for their own sake or not
B. A comparison of the smiliarity positioned right forearms and hands of the two Virgins is most revealing.
(supporting ideas)a.b.
a. straight lines and curve lines
b. continuity C. The outline of the fleshy parts of Desiderio's figures- the head, arms, and shoulders of the Child, for example- are softer and more variable than those of Agostino's. This is true also of the modeling inside the contours.
(supporting ideas)a.
a. the lines of facial features- the center line of the nose, the outlines of the lips and the eyes
3.Conclusion
(concluding sentences) The crux of the matter is that in this work of Desiderio's the design is less obtrusive than it is in the Agostino.

2.Thesis statement
Agostno's relief is also gentle and delicate but it is in every respect more self-consciously "designed," more contrived, than Desiderio's. Both Madonnas are human rather than divine but Desiderio's is a natural, homely humanity while Agostino's is elegantly aristocratic and artificial.
3.Topic statement
A. The differences between the two works may be brought out more clearly if we compare a few details. Consider the treatment of the hair.
B. A comparison of the smiliarity positioned right forearms and hands of the two Virgins is most revealing.
C. The outline of the fleshy parts of Desiderio's figures- the head, arms, and shoulders of the Child, for example- are softer and more variable than those of Agostino's. This is true also of the modeling inside the contours.

4.Supporting ideas
A.
a. irregular lines and regular lines(not clean lines and clean lines)
b. the lines for their own sake or not
B.
a. straight lines and curve lines
b. continuity
C.
a. the lines of facial features- the center line of the nose, the outlines of the lips and the eyes
5.Concluding sentences
The crux of the matter is that in this work of Desiderio's the design is less obtrusive than it is in the Agostino.
7.Essay Two Low Relief Carvings from the Fifteenth CenturyWe turn now to two fifteenth-century Italian low relief carvings on the theme of the Madonna and Child. Desiderio da Settignano’s all too short thirty-five years of life (1430-64) began and ended durting the lifetime of Agostino di Duccio (1418-81). Yet although the two artist were contemporaries who almost certainly knew of each other's work, it would be difficult to find two artist who display a greater difference in the qualities of their lines. Desiderio's lines are full of minute changes of direction and breaks in continuity. They have a nervous delicacy, a gentleness, and quiet unassertiveness which is appropriate, in our example, to the character and mood expressed in a more directly psychological way in the faces of Mary and the Child.They are neither rhetorical nor merely decorative but describe the form and represent material qualities in a naturalistic manner. There is nothing arbitrary about them. For the most part they are not clear-cut lines; their depth and intensity varies and they have an irregular scratched rather than a sharp-edged quality. Many of them are little more than short incised "touches" with the chisel. Agostno's relief is also gentle and delicate but it is in every respect more self-consciously "designed," more contrived, than Desiderio's. Both Madonnas are human rather than divine but Desiderio's is a natural, homely humanity while Agostino's is elegantly aristocratic and artificial. If there is anything supernatural about Agostion's relief, it is a supernatural prettiness and sweetness.
The differences between the two works may be brought out more clearly if we compare a few details. Consider the treatment of the hair. In Desiderio's relief it is rendered as a vaguely unified plastic mass in which curls are merely hinted at by irregular incised lines. The hair of Desiderio's Child has a soft, downy appearance and merges with the form of the forehead without any clear line of demarcation. Agostino, on the other hand, has treated the hair as a highly stylized pattern of regular lines. These fall into graceful waves, and on the Child they twist round to form elegant tight little spiral curls. A similar difference pervades the drapery of the two reliefs. Desiderio's treatment is spare, full of irregularities, crumpled passages, and straightness. There are no lines which seem to be there purely for their own sake. Agostino's lines on the other hand are mostly decorative and are intended to be enjoyed for their own sake. They are full of graceful curves and elegant rhythms and counter-rhythems. Their linear design is confidently, even exuberantly, lyrical. A comparison of the smiliarity positioned right forearms and hands of the two Virgins is most revealing. Agostino makes one continuous curve of the upper line of the forearm and the hand and carries the line right through to the ends of the extended first finger and thumb. But the line of Desiderio's arm and hand changes direction abruptly where the hand broadens out at the wrist. And although there is a connction through from the arm across the hand and into the extended finger, it is a straight line, not an elegant curve, and it is not continuous. Notice, too, the contrast in the lines of the fingers themselves in the two reliefs.
The outline of the fleshy parts of Desiderio's figures- the head, arms, and shoulders of the Child, for example- are softer and more variable than those of Agostino's. This is true also of the modeling inside the contours. The line down the left arms of both infants clearly show the difference. Finally, the lines of the facial features- the center line of the nose, the outlines of the lips and the eyes- are sharper in the Agostino than in the Desiderio, where their softness contributes to the "dewy" look of the faces.
It would be wrong to conclude from all this that Agostino's relief is more carefully designed and that Desiderio’s merely describes the forms naturalistically. Desiderio's relief is in fact designed with extreme care and sensitivity. Indeed, according to John Pope-Hennessy, "in composition this is Desiderio's finest and most inventive Madonna relief." Pope-Hennessy dose complain , however, that its execution is "rather dry" and inferior to that of some of the sculptor's other works. The crux of the matter is that in this work of Desiderio's the design is less obtrusive than it is in the Agostino.
7.Comparison sentences
a. Agostno's relief is also gentle and delicate but it is in every respect more self-consciously "designed," more contrived, than Desiderio’s
b. Both Madonnas are human rather than divine but Desiderio's is a natural, homely humanity while Agostino's is elegantly aristocratic and artificial.
c. The outline of the fleshy parts of Desiderio's figures- the head, arms, and shoulders of the Child, for example- are softer and more variable than those of Agostino's.
d. The lines of the facial features- the center line of the nose, the outlines of the lips and the eyes- are sharper in the Agostino than in the Desiderio.
e. The crux of the matter is that in this work of Desiderio's the design is less obtrusive than it is in the Agostino.
8.Conclusion
Although the two reliefs have the same topic, they are different from many aspects in detailed. We also can judge these two carvings form the differences.
9.Summary
The two same topic relief carvings are diffierent from many aspects in the lines. The lines of Desiderio's relief is irregular,straight,not continuous,and don't have the owm sake for carving. Agostinos lines, on the other hand, are regular,curve,continuous,and have the own sake for carving.Besides,the lines are sharper in the Agostino than in the Desiderio.
10.References 1.The article
a. A Short Guide to Writing about Art,4nd Edition Section 3 :Writing a Comparison pp95~98
b. Relief Sculpture
2. Virgin and Child
a. Picture
http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/euro_dec_arts/euro-dec-eleven.html
b. Introduction
http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/euro_dec_arts/W1930-1-2.shtml
3. Virgin and Child with Four Angels
a. Picture
http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/d/p-duccio1.htm
b. Introduction
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0802757.html

Yi Han

English presentation---
Understanding Cultural Differences
Camping Magazine, July, 2000 by Sandy Cameron
Department of Information Management
90144300
Yi Han

Outline
 Thesis statement
 Topic sentences
 Outline (article)
 Supporting ideas
 Concluding sentences
 Summary
 Conclusion
 Reference
 Q&A
Outline
 Communication differences
 meaning of a smile
 when to smile
 eye contact
 Language differences
 way of talking
 what to talk
 saying “no”
 Name and time recognition
 calling names
 punctuality
 About eating habits
 when to eat
 what to eat
 eating manners
Summary
 Learn other’s cultures to avoid misunderstandings.
 Be aware not to offend other’s cultures
 Respect other’s cultures

Conclusion
 We need to respect other people’s culture.




Understanding Cultural Differences
Camping Magazine, July, 2000 by Sandy Cameron
As the United States population becomes more diverse and camps employ more international staff, the issue of communicating and interacting effectively with people from other cultures becomes more important. Having respect for cultural differences and learning basic characteristics of other cultures can help you avoid misunderstandings and unintentionally offending others.
Effective Communication
Communication is an area that can be especially challenging for those uninformed about cultural differences. A simple nod of the head or smile may be interpreted as something you had not intended.
For example, around the world a smile can relay many emotions, not just happiness or pleasure as in the U.S. In Japan, people smile when they are sad, angry, confused, and happy. Asians smile to show disagreement, anger, confusion, and frustration. Some people from Japan and Asia will not smile for official photos, such as passport photos, because these are considered serious occasions and they do not want to look as though they are not taking the situation seriously.
Eye contact varies around the world as well. If a staff member will not look you in the eye when speaking, do not take it as an insult. People from many Asian and Latin American cultures avoid direct eye contact as a sign of respect.

Supporting ideas:
A smile in the U.S. means happiness or pleasure while in Japan it may mean sad, angry, confused, and happy. Asians don’t smile for official photos. Looking in people’s eyes when speaking also might be considered impolite in Asia or Latin American.

Overcoming language barriers
Language differences can make communication difficult, but if you are creative you can find ways to communicate effectively.
Talk slowly and clearly. It may sound simplistic, but don't shout at people if they don't understand what you are saying. Restate the statement in a different way or repeat it more slowly. Use other methods of communication, such as making drawings, demonstrating or acting out, or using hand motions.
When speaking, avoid using slang and common idioms. Idioms, such as "in the long run," "no kidding," or "barking up the wrong tree," can cause confusion for non-native English speakers. Also, explain common camp phrases to staff members. Most probably won't be familiar with phrases you use every day.
Try to learn a few common phrases in the languages of your international staff and campers. This shows you are interested and helps them to feel more comfortable.
Many cultures have difficulty saying "no" to a request, and some internationals may say "yes" when their answer is really "no." Carefully phrase questions so that they can be answered positively. For example, say "What can I do make your time at camp more pleasant?" instead of asking "Do you like it here at camp?"
Supporting ideas:
Talk to foreigners in a slow and clear way. Try using other methods of communication if others don’t understand such as making drawings, demonstrating, acting out, or using hand motions. Avoid using slang and common idioms because foreigners might misunderstand. Be sure to let everyone know the common use camp phrases. Sometimes, using common phrases in the languages of your international staff or campers can show yours interests of making them comfortable. People saying “yes” in other cultures may mean “no” sometimes. It depends on how you ask them.
Names and Time
People in the U.S. generally call others by their first names, but this is not true of all cultures. Ask staff and campers how they would like to be addressed. Make sure to call them by their real name, not the U.S. equivalent or nickname unless they prefer it. If you have difficulty saying their name, ask for the correct pronunciation.
Explain your expectations in regard to time and punctuality. Cultural background influences what people consider to be on time, late, and early. Make sure up front that staff members know when you expect them to be at their job.
Supporting ideas:
Call people the way they like to be called. Being “on time” might not be recognized the same in different cultures., so make sure everyone understands right the time to come to work.
Food and Dining
What and when people eat varies around the world. Many cultures eat the main meal at midday and have a light meal in the evening.
Some traditional camp fare may seem unusual to international campers and staff. For example, marshmallows (and s'mores for that matter), watermelon (and spitting seeds), hot dogs, and corn on the cob may cause internationals to raise their eyebrows in curiosity. In many countries, corn -- especially on the cob -- is fed only to animals. Take the time to explain certain foods and the corresponding customs, and understand if staff and campers choose not to eat a particular item.
Just as you explain unfamiliar foods, ask about foods common in your staff's home country. Consider having a special evening where foods from their countries are served. Make an effort to have these traditional food items available for your international staff to eat, but keep in mind that the U.S. versions of many Chinese, Italian, and Mexican dishes are very different from what is served in those countries. Ask staff what foods they would like and, if possible, allow them to prepare the dishes themselves.
Some cultures will not take food the first time it is offered. Try offering the item at least two more times to ensure everyone has had a chance to try a dish. Also, many Asians and Saudi Arabians make noise when eating to show their appreciation for the food. Be sure to interpret this as a compliment, not as bad manners.
Supporting ideas:
Some culture prefer to eat their main meal at noon. Knowing what people “don’t” eat is also needed to be considered first before preparing the meal. Some cultures consider some food “uneatable”. Sometimes, we can have a special meal where all the dishes on the table are from the internationals’ home countries. Be aware that the “U.S. version” of international dishes might be different from the original international dishes. Let internationals to prepare their own food if allowed. Offer food for other’s more than once to ensure everyone can have a chance to try a dish because some conservative cultures don’t like to take things from others for manner reasons. Making noise when eating are considered as a compliment to the food maker in some cultures in Asia.
Learning about other cultures and having respect for differences can go a long way in creating successful relationships. Be objective, have an open mind, and your camp will benefit from an international influence.

Reference
 References:
 1. Beyond Translation - global training must consider cultural differences
Training & Development, Dec, 2000 by Lionel Laroche, John Bing, Catherine Mercer Bing
 2. The Learning Experience Of Chinese Students In American Universities: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
 College Student Journal, March, 2001 by Guofang Wan
 3. My culture, my self - cultural differences in Japan and the United States - Cover Story
Science News, Oct 18, 1997 by Bruce Bower
Q&A
 Any questions?

Ya Yuan's presentation.

NCU
蔡雅媛 Ya Yuan Tsai #14
Time: Wed. Am09:00~11:50
Presentation: 10/13/2004

America is a culture melting-pot. In order to know the factories that effected American culture, I choose this topic.

Source of material: Writing Academic English,2nd edition: a writing and sentence
structure handbook / Alice Oshima, Ann Hogue / P101

Outline
1.Introduction
Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to American culture,
particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government. (Thesis
statement)
2.Body
A.Native Americans left a permanent imprint on the English language. (Topic
sentence)
a.states (supporting ideas)
b.cities
c.everyday words
B.Art is another area showing the mark of native American contact.
a.wool rugs woven
b.jewelry
c.pottery, handcrafted leather products, and beadwork
C.Agriculture is another area in which native Americans had a great and lasting
influence.
a.farming techniques
b.foods
D.Americans are also indebted to one tribe for our form of government.
a.The League of the Iroquois.
b.the present form of government of the United States
3.Conclusion
In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of native
American influence on our language, our art forms, our eating habits, and our
government. Hopefully, the cultural exchange will one day prove to be equally
positive for them.

Essay
Native American Influences on Modern American Culture

When the first Europeans began to settle the North American continent, they encountered a completely new culture: the native American tribes of North America. Native Americans, who had a highly developed culture in many respects, must have been as curious about the strange European manners and customs as were the Europeans about native Americans. As always happens when two cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, native Americans have made many valuable contributions to American culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.
First of all , native Americans left a permanent imprint on the English language. The early settlers borrowed words from several different native American languages to name the new places and new objects that they had found in their new land. All across the country, one can find cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, lowa, lllinois, and Alabama are named after native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English has adopted many everyday words from various native American languages. The words chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, moccasin, and potato are just a few examples.
Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most native American influence, it is not the only area of American culture that was changed by contact with native Americans. Art is another area showing the mark of native American contact. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Also, native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, handcrafted leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts have become a treasured part of American culture.
In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which native Americans had a great and lasting influence. Being skilled farmers, the native Americans of North America taught the newcomers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every American schoolchild has heard the story of how native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. In addition, many of the foods we eat today were introduced to the Europeans by native Americans. For example, potatoes, corn, chocolate, and peanuts were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the American diet.
Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that Americans are also indebted to one tribe for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches and sub-branches (called “nations”), had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to keep the various branches of the tribe from fighting one another. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the League, each nation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The League kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the thirteen American colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what happened. As a result, the present form of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a native American model.
In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of native American influence on our language, our art forms, our eating habits, and our government. Modern Americans are truly indebted to native Americans for their contributions to their culture. Hopefully, the cultural exchange will one day prove to be equally positive for them.

References:
1.http://www.forim.org/essays/2003_third_place.htm
2.http://www.american-indian-art.com/
3.http://63.171.230.155/
4.Writing Academic English,2nd edition: a writing and sentence structure handbook /
Alice Oshima, Ann Hogue / P101

EDDIE's presentation

PRESENTATION
資管四A陳韋任90059600

Georgetown, Saudi International Relations
For many years, I have been interested in studying international relations. My interest in pursuing this field stems from several factors which have affected me. First, I have been exposed to international affairs throughout my life. With my father and two of my brothers in the Saudi Foreign Service, I have grown up under the shadow of inter-national affairs. Second, I am fascinated by history, economics, and diplomacy. I believe, through the study of international relations, I can effectively satisfy my curiosity in these fields. A third factor which has affected my interest in international relations is patriotism. Through the Foreign Service, I would not only have the opportunity to serve my country, but also have the chance to help bridge gaps between my country and others. Finally, as a Saudi living abroad, I have been bridging cultures throughout my life. This experience has taught me to look for differences to compromise and similarities to synthesize in order to balance different cultures. In short, I believe that my experiences in life, combined with a rigorous academic education, will enable me to pursue a successful career in the Saudi Foreign Service.
Outline
- author's interest: international relations.
- four main reasons why the author loves international relations
- the author thinks he'll be good in his career
Thesis statement: For many years, I have been interested in studying international relations.
Topic sentence: My interest in pursuing this field stems from several factors which have affected me.
Supporting ideas: 1. First, I have been exposed to international affairs throughout my life.
2. Second, I am fascinated by history, economics, and diplomacy
3. A third factor which has affected my interest in international relations is patriotism.
4. Finally, as a Saudi living abroad, I have been bridging cultures throughout my life.
Conclusion sentence & Conclusion:
In short, I believe that my experiences in life, combined with a rigorous academic education, will enable me to pursue a successful career in the Saudi Foreign Service.
Summary:
The author loves deeply in international relations because of his family background, interests, patriotism, and race. That’s why he has fully confidence of pursuing a successful career in the Saudi Foreign Service.

Georgetown, Favorite Class
At St. Albans, especially in our later years, we are given the freedom to choose from a vast array of classes. Using this freedom, I have selected classes which have personal significance to me, regardless of difficulty or appearance on my transcript. However, from these classes, one holds an extraordinary amount of value to me. This course is A.P. Omnibus History, a combination of American and European history. There are several reasons for my great interest in this class. First, I am fascinated by the cyclical nature of the past. I see these recurring political, economic, and social trends as a means of looking forward into the future, while allowing us to avoid the mistakes of the past. Second, history teaches many lessons about the nature of human behavior, both past and present, providing insight into the actions, desires, and aspirations of those around me. Finally, it lays a solid foundation for several disciplines, including political science, economics, and international relations, three fields of great interest to me.
Outline:
- at St. Albans, the author has the freedom to choose classes whatever he likes
- A.P.Omnibus is his favorite course
- three reasons why he likes the course
Thesis statement: At St. Albans, especially in our later years, we are given the freedom to choose from a vast array of classes.
Topic sentence: However, from these classes, one holds an extraordinary amount of value to me. This course is A.P. Omnibus History, a combination of American and European history. There are several reasons for my great interest in this class.
Supporting ideas: 1. First, I am fascinated by the cyclical nature of the past.
2. Second, history teaches many lessons about the nature of human behavior, both past and present.
3. Finally, it lays a solid foundation for several disciplines, including political science, economics, and
international relations,
Conclusion sentence & Conclusion: no
Summary:
The author describes a course which has a significant impact on him. From the course he has learned the repeating history, truth beneath the human behavior, and a solid foundation for several disciplines.

Georgetown, Visual Arts
Another major interest of mine, which I have not had the opportunity to express elsewhere on my application, is the visual arts. Throughout high school, I have used a variety of media to express myself. I began with black and white photography, focusing on the presence of lines and balance in nature. For my work in this medium, I received an award at the St. Albans School Art Show. From photography, I moved on to glass etching. Using a sandblaster to etch the glass, I again concentrated on lines and balance in my works. Moreover, by arranging several glass panes into a sculpture, I moved my study into three dimensions, winning another Art Show award. Currently, I am working on canvas, using oil and acrylic in a Mondrian style, which is based on lines and balance. Eventually, I hope to explore the effects of combining these and other media, creating my own style of artistic expression.
Outline:
- the author’s another interest: visual arts
- he has tried three different ways of arts: black and white photography, glass etching, canvas
- he hopes to find his own way of arts

Thesis statement: Another major interest of mine, which I have not had the opportunity to express elsewhere on my application, is the visual arts.
Topic sentence: I have used a variety of media to express myself.
Supporting ideas: 1. I began with black and white photography.
2. From photography, I moved on to glass etching.
3. Currently, I am working on canvas.
Conclusion sentence & Conclusion: Eventually, I hope to explore the effects of combining these and other media, creating my own style of artistic expression.
Summary:
The author’s another untold interest: visual arts. He has moved his steps from black and white photography, glass etching, to canvas, all of which are very fruitful. His ultimate goal is to create his own style of expressing arts.


http://www.justcolleges.com/essays/index.phtml?no=essayedge/lth_shortessays.html#georgetown

welcome to NCU student samples

http://home.kimo.com.tw/studentswriting/NCU/2003fall/ncuJasmineFanny.htm
student samples
Jasmine Wu #16;Fanny Zhong #12

Thu. 9:00-12:00

Contrast Essay-12/18/2003

OUTLINE



Title: Disney’s Classic Roles



Two items to be contrasted: 1.Mickey Mouse 2.Donald Duck



Relationship the items share: The impression that Disney Company wants to present.



Controlling idea: three main differences



Introduction-paragraph 1



Thesis statement: They are different from each other in three points: the physique, the way they become famous, and their personality.

Body-paragraph 2



Topic sentence: The first difference between Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck is their appearance.



Body-paragraph 3

Topic sentence: Secondly, the processes of how did they become famous are also different.

Body-paragraph 4

Topic sentence: Finally, these two cartoon superstars have two opposite personalities.

Conclusion-paragraph 5

Even if they were so different, both of them brought happiness to people around the world.



N.C.U.

Jasmine Wu #16;Fanny Zhong #12

Thu. 9:00-12:00

Contrast Essay-12/18/2003

Title: Disney’s Classic Roles

You should be familiar with “Snow White and Seven Dwarfs”, “Cinderella”, “The Lion King” and “ Beauty and the Beast”. These are Walt Disney’s famous classic animations that become one part of memory in our childhood. All of these are all independent stories; however, there are two characters make them have something in common. Who are they? You may have an idea. That’s right, they are Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck are both Walt Disney’s central roles; in spite of their own animations, they always show up in other Disney’s animations. Both of them are well known animate characters and created by Walt Disney Company. But in fact, they are two totally different individuals. They are different from each other in three points: the physique, the way they become famous, and their personality.

The first difference between Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck is their appearance. Obviously, Mickey is a Mouse while Donald is a Duck, and they are two different races. Mickey Mouse was created by Walt Disney in 1928; on the other hand, Carl Barks is the one who gave Donald Duck a life in 1934. There is one more thing, Mickey Mouse used to having tail, but now it was gone. Donald Duck also became different from used to be. He has a fatter body, bigger and flatter beak, and more circular eyes. We can say that, Mickey Mouse is evolving, but Donald Duck is maturing. It seems that Mickey Mouse is getting better and Donald Duck is getting worse. However, Donald Duck is more like a reflection of actual life. Generally speaking, Mickey Mouse is super ego; oppositely, Donald Duck is real ego.



Secondly, the processes of how did they become famous are also different. During that times, movies were voiceless、 black and white. And cartoon was always played before the movies. It was treated as movie’s preparation. So, how Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck were known to everyone is very doubtful. Actually, Mickey’s first and second cartoons were not popular. But Walt Disney didn’t give up. At the beginning of voiced film, he created “Steamboat Willie” which made Mickey become a well-known superstar. Disney not only continuously produces a series of Mickey’s cartoon, but also tried to find new subject in order to manufacture different cartoon shorts. “The Wise Little Hen” was an important cartoon short in Disney’s history. Why? Because Donald Duck was born in this cartoon, then he also became famous in the world. Initially, Donald Duck’s height was just half of Mickey’s. As Donald Duck was more and more popular, he was taller and taller. Finally, he was as tall as Mickey Mouse. Although these two individuals are both world-wild famous superstars, their way to achieve success are so different.

Finally, these two cartoon superstars have two opposite personalities. In Disney’s animations, Mickey Mouse always plays a kind role. It seems that Disney wants Mickey leaves a very positive impression on audience. As to Donald Duck, he has a lot of shortcomings and a bad temper. These two individuals represent two kinds of people in our daily life. However, Donald Duck’s negative image is different from Mickey Mouse’s good impression. But this distinction also gives Donald Duck a special meaning. For example, during the World War II, Disney helped American government take an advertisement to show the importance of pay taxes. In this advertisement, Donald Duck got some trouble because he didn’t pay taxes. This method brings a great effect. Although Donald Duck always gets angry easily, he still deeply loved by many people in the world.

No matter what kind of animals they are, how they became so famous, or what temper they have, the only thing we care about is that they are the spring of laughing. Even if they were so different, both of them brought happiness to people around the world in the past. We deeply believe that they will do their best in the future.

Reference

Websites: http://disney.jbug.net/History/mickey.htm

http://disney.jbug.net/History/donald.htm

http://disney.jbug.net/Gallery/index.htm

http://tw.imagesearch.yahoo.com/search/img?p=唐老鴨&act=&o_p=10&b=

http://tw.imagesearch.yahoo.com/search/img?u=b&p=%C0n%A4l